Comunicación asertiva, estado nutricional y desarrollo físico en adultos mayores / Assertive Communication; Nutritional Status and Physical Development in Aged Adults

Introducción: La asertividad es una herramienta comunicacional que puede contribuir de manera positiva en que los adultos mayores interpreten correctamente la necesidad e importancia de realizar acciones que permitan mantener un adecuado desarrollo físico y estado nutricional durante la tercera edad. Objetivo: Describir cómo la implementación de la comunicación asertiva puede ayudar a la incorporación de los adultos mayores al programa de actividades físicas del adulto mayor. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación básica, no experimental y descriptiva en una población de 157 adultos mayores, de los cuales 113 formaron parte de la muestra de investigación. Se aplicó la comunicación asertiva para lograr la incorporación de estos al programa de actividades físicas del adulto mayor. Resultados: El miedo al contagio con COVID-19 fue la principal causa referida para no participar en las actividades (17,70 por ciento). Predominaron los adultos mayores con nivel de conocimiento bajo sobre la importancia de las actividades físicas en los adultos mayores. Después de aplicar la comunicación asertiva se logró que el 64,60 por ciento de los ancianos se incorporaran al programa. Conclusiones: La asertividad, con sus técnicas y acciones, facilitó la incorporación de adultos mayores al programa de actividades físicas. Su aplicación se basó en la preparación y la capacidad de negociación con las personas de la tercera edad para poder lograr su incorporación a las actividades físicas del programa del adulto mayor(AU)

Introduction: Assertiveness is a communicational tool that can contribute positively to aged adults' correct interpretation of the need and importance of performing actions that allow them to maintain adequate physical development and nutritional status during older age. Objective: To describe how the implementation of assertive communication can help the incorporation of aged adults to the physical activity program for the elderly. Methods: A basic, nonexperimental and descriptive research was conducted with a population of 157 aged adults, of which 113 were part of the research sample. Assertive communication was applied to achieve their incorporation into the physical activity program for the elderly. Results: Fear of infection with COVID-19 was the main reported cause for not participating in the activities (17.70 percent). Aged adults with a low level of knowledge about the importance of physical activities for the elderly predominated. After applying assertive communication, 64.60 percent of the older adults could become part of the program. Conclusions: Assertiveness, with its techniques and actions, facilitated the incorporation of aged adults to the physical activities program. Its application was based on the preparation and the ability to negotiate with older adults in order to achieve their incorporation to the physical activities of the program for the elderly(AU)

PARENTING STYLE AND ASSERTIVENESS AMONG ADOLESCENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES

Parents influence children's conduct, emotions, and personality. This study examined parental style and assertiveness in teens with and without learning difficulties. The researcher drew 80 student demographics to do this. 40 with learning impairments and 40 without were chosen. T-test and correlation were used to examine the data. The study found a difference in assertiveness between learning disabled and nondisabled teens. The study found a moderate association between authoritative, authoritarian, permissive/indulgent, and negligent parenting and assertiveness. The study recommended that parents of teens be mindful of how parenting style affects their children's assertiveness.

Resiliencia: Factores Predictores en Adolescentes / Resilience: Predictive Factors in Adolescents

Resumen La resiliencia constituye la capacidad de sobreponerse y adaptarse a situaciones vitales adversas de forma constructiva a partir de recursos personales y el uso factores protectores ambientales. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los factores predictores de la resiliencia a partir de variables personales (asertividad, autoestima y regulación emocional), y del contexto (apoyo familiar y apoyo social) en adolescentes del sureste de México. Participaron 1322 alumnos, seleccionados mediante un muestro no probabilístico por cuota, de escuelas secundarias y de bachillerato públicas de la Ciudad de Mérida, Yucatán, México. 644 hombres y 678 mujeres, (M= 14.64 años, DE = 1.88). Se les administró una batería de pruebas para medir cada una de las variables en el estudio. Los resultados obtenidos en al análisis de regresión múltiple para hombres y mujeres para cada una de las dimensiones de la resiliencia mostró diferencias y semejanzas para cada uno de los modelos encontrados por sexo. Esto evidencia diferencias de género importantes ya que el logro de la resiliencia implica vías diferentes para hombres y mujeres posiblemente reflejo de la socialización diferencial.

Abstract Resilience is the ability to overcome and adapt to adverse life situations constructively based on personal resources and the use of environmental protective factors. The objective of the study was to determine the predictors of resilience based on personal variables (assertiveness, self-esteem and emotional regulation), and the context (family support and social support) in adolescents from southeastern Mexico. 1322 students participated, selected through a non-probabilistic sample by quota, from public secondary schools and high schools in the city of Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. 644 men and 678 women, (M = 14.64 years, SD = 1.88). They were administered a battery of tests to measure each of the variables in the study. The results obtained in the multiple regression analysis for men and women for each of the dimensions of resilience showed differences and similarities for each of the models found by sex. This evidences important gender differences since the achievement of resilience implies different paths for men and women, possibly a reflection of differential socialization.

Model of Psychological Empowerment Based on Structural Equations for Predicting Autonomy / Modelo de empoderamiento psicológico basado en ecuaciones estructurales para predecir la autonomía

Abstract The study relies on the assumption that one of the main effects of phycological empowerment composed by attributes like self-esteem, locus of control, and assertiveness, is increased autonomy. The theoretical arguments are tested based on a structural equation model that allows estimating hypothetical relationships simultaneously. Additionally, differences in means between women and men are estimated for each phycological variable and the hypothetical model is tested separately to both sexes. 1,569 people (56% women) from five Mexican States compose the sample. The average age is 29 years and 59% of the sample has college degrees. The results suggest that psychological empowerment is strongly related to autonomy.

Resumen Este trabajo parte del supuesto de que uno de los principales efectos del empoderamiento psicológico es el incremento de la autonomía, y que atributos como la autoestima, el locus de control y la asertividad lo constituyen. Con base en ello, se probaron ambos planteamientos teóricos a través de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, ya que la técnica permite estimar relaciones hipotéticas simultáneamente. Asimismo, se estimaron las diferencias en las medias de cada una de las variables psicológicas entre mujeres y hombres y se probó el mismo modelo hipotético de forma separada para cada sexo. La muestra la conforman 1,569 personas (56% son mujeres) de cinco entidades federativas de México, la edad promedio es de 29 años y el 59% cuentan con estudios universitarios. Los resultados sugieren que el empoderamiento psicológico tiene una fuerte relación con la autonomía.

Alcoholismo parental como factor de riesgo para el desempeño social en adolescentes / Parental alcoholism as a risk factor for social performance in adolescents

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre el alcoholismo parental y el desempeño social en adolescentes de 12 a 17 años de edad, escolares de la ciudad de Quito en el año 2018. Materiales y métodos: Diseño analítico, retrospectivo de casos y controles. Participan 274 estudiantes del nivel secundaria de educación, 137 seleccionados como casos y 137 como controles. Se aplicó el test ESPERI para diagnóstico o la detección precoz de los trastornos del comportamiento en adolescentes y el test AUDIT para evaluación de alcoholismo en padres, previa autorización mediante el consentimiento informado de padres de familia y autoridades de las instituciones educativas. Resultados: Existe asociación significativa entre el alcoholismo parental y desempeño social. Chi2 (95%) = 16.92 p <0.05. El alcoholismo parental es factor de riesgo para el desempeño social. OR = 2.99. IC (95%) = 2.21-3.77. Conclusiones: La relación entre el alcoholismo parental y los problemas que del mismo se derivan es significativa, pero no es unicausal, uniforme, simple y lineal. Es necesario profundizar el estudio de los trastornos que genera el alcoholismo en la salud mental de niñas, niños y adolescentes (depresión, ansiedad, impulsividad, actitudes desafiantes, conductas agresivas, déficit de atención).

Abstract Objective: Analyze the relationship between parental alcoholism and social performance in adolescents (who assist to school) from 12 to 17 years of age, in Quito year 2018. Materials and methods: Desing, analytical, retrospective of cases and controls was used. Participants include 274 students from the secondary level of education, 137 selected as cases and 137 as controls. The ESPERI test was applied for diagnosis or early detection of behavioral disorders in adolescents, and the AUDIT test to evaluate alcoholism in parents. An informed consent was applied to parents and authorities of educational institutions. Results: Significant association was detected between parental alcoholism and social performance, using Chi2 test (95%) = 16.92 p <0.05. Parental alcoholism is a risk factor for social performance. OR = 2.99. CI (95%) = 2.21- 3.77. Conclusions. The relationship between parental alcoholism and the problems derived from it is significant, but are not unicausal, uniform, simple and linear. It is necessary to study more about the disorders that alcoholism generates in mental health of girls, boys and adolescents (depression, anxiety, impulsiveness, challenging attitudes, aggressive behaviors, attention deficit).

Efectos del programa educativo "Libres de COVID-19" sobre las habilidades sociales preventivas del adolescente / Effects of the "Free of COVID-19" educational program on teenagers' preventive social skills

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del programa educativo Libres de COVID-19 en las habilidades sociales preventivas de adolescentes atendidos en un hospital provincial de Perú. Materiales y métodos: Investigación explicativa y preexperimental de diseño longitudinal y prospectivo que responde a una preprueba y una posprueba en grupo intacto. La población estuvo conformada por cuarenta adolescentes de ambos sexos, de 13 a 19 años, que fueron atendidos en el Hospital Provincial de Tayabamba. Los criterios de inclusión fueron los siguientes: a) adolescente con edad entre 13 a 19 años, b) tener una historia clínica completa y c) haber sido atendido en el Hospital Provincial de Tayabamba. Las variables estudiadas (antes y después de la aplicación del programa) fueron las habilidades sociales preventivas y sus dimensiones de asertividad, comunicación, autoestima y toma de decisiones. El programa Libres de COVID-19 fue aplicado con una prueba previa y otra posterior. Se empleó un cuestionario de evaluación del desarrollo de habilidades sociales preventivas de cuatro dimensiones y veintisiete reactivos. El análisis no paramétrico de datos longitudinales fue utilizado para una muestra de sujetos evaluados en dos ocasiones en el tiempo. Resultados: Antes de aplicar el programa educativo Libres de COVID-19, las habilidades sociales preventivas de adolescentes, en general, fueron regulares en el 55,00 % de los participantes y, después del programa, el 80,00 % obtuvo la calificación de buenas. Al inicio, la asertividad fue regular (45,00 %), y mejoró a buena (75,00 %) después del programa. La comunicación antes del programa era regular (70,00 %), y después resultó buena (85,00 % de los adolescentes). La toma de decisiones fue buena en el 50,00 % del grupo antes del programa; y después, el 90,00 % de los participantes consiguió la misma calificación. Conclusiones: Las habilidades sociales preventivas de adolescentes atendidos en el Hospital Provincial Tayabamba, así como la asertividad, la comunicación, la autoestima y la toma de decisiones mejoraron significativamente con la aplicación del programa educativo Libres de COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the effects of the "Free of COVID-19" educational program on the preventive social skills of teenagers treated at a provincial hospital in Peru. Materials and methods: An explanatory, pre-experimental, longitudinal and prospective research with a pretest and posttest intact group design. The population consisted of 40 male and female teenagers aged between 13 and 19, who were treated at the Tayabamba provincial hospital. The inclusion criteria were a) teenagers aged between 13 and 19, b) teenagers with complete medical records and c) teenagers treated at the Tayabamba provincial hospital. The variables (before and after the program) were the preventive social skills and their dimensions: assertiveness, communication, self-esteem and decision-making. The "Free of COVID-19" educational program was implemented with a pretest and a posttest. A questionnaire made up of four dimensions and 27 questions was administered for assessing the preventive social skills. A non-parametric analysis of longitudinal data was used for a sample of subjects who were evaluated twice during the course of the study. Results: Before the implementation of the "Free of COVID-19" educational program, the teenagers' preventive social skills were, in general terms, fair (55.00 %) and, after the program, good (80.00 %). Their assertiveness was fair (45.00 %) before the program and improved to good (75.00 %) after the program. Their communication was fair (70.00 %) before the program and good (85.00 %) afterwards. Their decision-making was good (50.00 %) before the program and also good (90.00 %) after the implementation of the program. Conclusions: The preventive social skills of teenagers treated at the Tayabamba provincial hospital, as well as their assertiveness, communication, self-esteem and decision-making, significantly improved with the implementation of the "Free of COVID-19" educational program.

Impulsividad y asertividad en mujeres con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria / Impulsivity and assertiveness in eating disordered women

ANTECENTES: Impulsividad y asertividad son dos de los rasgos más estudiados en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA), aunque la impulsividad no ha sido suficientemente caracterizada y la evidencia en cuanto a asertividad es insuficiente. OBJETIVO: Analizar niveles de impulsividad y asertividad en mujeres con y sin TCA. MÉTODO: Se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico transversal, con muestreo no probabilístico en pacientes de sexo femenino con TCA, contrastándolas con mujeres controles sin TCA. Se aplicaron el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT-40), las escalas de Barratt (BIS) y de Rathus (RAS) a 42 sujetos controles y 42 con TCA. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre grupos en cuanto a características sociodemográficas. El puntaje del EAT-40 fue mayor en las pacientes con TCA (p=0,000). No hubo diferencias significativas en RAS total, excepto en las subescalas R1 (p= 0,004) y R3 (p=0,035). El puntaje BIS total también tuvo diferencias significativas (p=0,003) así como las subescalas de Impulsividad Cognitiva (IC) (p=0,000) y de Impulsividad Motora (IM) (p=0,0032). Hubo correlación positiva, estadísticamente significativa entre los puntajes totales del EAT-40 y RAS, y las subescalas R1 y R2, y negativa entre EAT-40 y BIS, y las subescalas IC e IM. CONCLUSIONES: Las pacientes con TCA presentan niveles más elevados de impulsividad y más bajos de asertividad.

BACKGROUND: Impulsivity and assertiveness are two of the most studied features in eating disorders (ED), although impulsivity has not been sufficiently characterized and the evidence regarding assertiveness is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To analyse levels of impulsivity and assertiveness in women with and without ED. METHOD: A cross-sectional analytical study, with non-probabilistic sampling in female patients with ED was carried out, contrasting them with women without ED as controls. The Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40), the Barratt (BIS) and Rathus (RAS) scales were applied to 42 control subjects and 42 patients with ED. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of sociodemographic characteristics. EAT-40 scores were higher in eating disordered patients (p = 0.000). There were no statistically significant differences between groups in total RAS scores, except for R1 (p = 0.004) and R3 (p = 0.035) subscales. Total BIS score also had statistically significant differences (p = 0.003) as well as Cognitive Impulsivity (CI) (p = 0.000) and Motor Impulsivity (IM) subscales (p = 0.0032). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between total scores of EAT-40 and RAS, and R1 and R2 subscales, and a statistically significant negative one between EAT-40 and BIS, and IC and IM subscales. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ED have higher levels of impulsivity and lower levels of assertiveness.

Social Skill Inventory-2 Del-Prette: expanding and updating psychometric properties / Inventário de Habilidades Sociais-2 Del-Prette: ampliando e atualizando as propriedades psicométricas

The aim of this research was to update the psychometric properties of the Del-Prette Social Skills Inventory-2, a measure of social performance in social interaction situations. The sample consisted of 4,250 participants of both sexes aged between 18 and 59 years old (M = 35.85; df = 11.33; 51.1% woman). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling suggested the adequacy of the internal structure of the original version of the instrument, consisting of five factors: Assertive Conversation, Affective-Sexual Approach, Expression of positive sentiment, Self-Control/Coping, and Social Resourcefulness, all of them with good reliability indicators, alphas higher than 0.774, and measurement invariance indicators across groups as a function of sex and different age ranges. The Partial Credit Model provided the item's and participant's parameters: difficulty level/theta and adjustment indices, which were adequate. The results suggest that the inventory is a suitable measure of social skills for professional and research purposes.

O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi atualizar as propriedades psicométricas do Inventário de Habilidades Sociais Del-Prette, uma medida de desempenho sociais em situações de interação social. A amostra foi composta por 4.250 participantes de ambos os sexos com idade entre 18 e 59 anos (M = 35,85; DP = 11,33; 51,1% mulheres). A Análise de Equações Estruturais Exploratória indicou adequação da estrutura interna da versão original do instrumento, composta por cinco fatores:conversação assertiva, abordagem afetivo-sexual, expressão de sentimento positivo, autocontrole/enfrentamento e desenvoltura social. Todos obtiveram bons indicadores de precisão, alfas superiores a 0,774, e indicadores de invariância dos parâmetros da medida em função dos sexos e faixas etárias. O Modelo de Créditos Parciais forneceu os parâmetros dos itens e características dos participantes: níveis de dificuldades/theta e índices de ajuste, que se mostraram apropriados. Os resultados sugerem que o inventário é uma medida de habilidades sociais adequada para uso profissional e pesquisa.

Assertive skills: a comparison of two group interventions with Brazilian university students

The improvement or acquisition of socioemotional skills contributes to the academic and personal adaptation of university students. The way students think about themselves and others influence their social skills and well-being. Considering the importance of social competence for professional practice in the face of new social realities, the university must invest in programs that promote the socio-emotional development of students. This study compared the effects of interventions based on Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy and Psychoeducation on assertive skills and subjective well-being. This study involved 25 undergraduate students of a public university. The students were randomly allocated to three groups, including the Control group, and they were evaluated by means of questionnaires, inventories, scales, and written evaluation of the group process. The program consisted of 10 meetings and a 6-week follow-up. Irrational beliefs were reduced and their assertive skills' scores increased in the post-intervention and follow-up evaluations, regardless of the group. Only verbal reports from participants indicated an increase in well-being. The students' written reports after the end of the meetings indicate that the two forms of intervention were evaluated as promoting change by the students. One of the limitations of the study is the size of the groups. Despite the very small sample size, the study highlights that developing a set of flexible beliefs is fundamental to the exercise of assertiveness. (AU)

Novos estudos psicométricos para o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais para Cuidadores de Idosos (IHS-CI) / New psychometric studies for the Social Skills Inventory for Caregivers of Elderly people (SSI-EC) / Nuevos estudios psicométricos para el Inventario de Habilidades Sociales para Cuidadores de Adultos Mayores (IHS-CI)

Cuidar de um idoso dependente é uma tarefa cada vez mais comum. Com isso, para avaliar habilidades sociais de cuidadores de idosos, foi desenvolvido o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais para Cuidadores de Idosos (IHS-CI). O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar evidências de validade adicionais relativas à estrutura interna dos itens e as baseadas na relação com outras variáveis. Participaram 252 cuidadores de idosos familiares, com idade média de 50 anos (DP = 14.4) e maioria do sexo feminino (86.9%), que responderam ao IHS-CI e a um questionário sociodemográfico. Desses, 74 responderam também ao Inventário de Empatia. A estrutura fatorial do IHS-CI mostrou-se adequada (RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = 0.92 e x2/gl = 2.35) e se correlacionou positivamente com os escores de empatia. O IHS-CI é um instrumento relevante e sua interpretação pode servir para avaliar intervenções em cuidadores, assim como orientar quais classes de habilidades sociais precisam ser aprimoradas.

Caring for a dependent elderly person is an increasingly common task. To assess social skills of elderly person caregiver's, the Social Skills Inventory for Elderly Caregivers (SSI-EC) was developed. The aim of this study was to verify additional validity evidences related to the internal structure of the items and those based on the relationship with other variables. Participants were 252 caregivers of elderly family members, with a mean age of 50 years (SD = 14.4) and most females (86.9%), who answered the SSI-EC and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Of these, 74 also responded to the Empathy Inventory. The SSI-EC factorial structure was adequate (RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = 0.92 and x2/df = 2.35) and correlated positively with empathy scores. The SSI-EC is a relevant instrument and its interpretation can serve to evaluate caregiver interventions as well as guide which social skills classes need to be improved.

El cuidado de una persona mayor dependiente es una tarea cada vez más común. Para evaluar las habilidades sociales de los cuidadores de ancianos, se desarrolló el Inventario de Habilidades Sociales para Cuidadores de Ancianos (IHS-CI). El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar evidencia de validez adicional para la estructura interna de los ítems y basados en la relación con otras variables. Participaron 252 cuidadores de familiares ancianos, con una edad media de 50 años (DE = 14,4), mayoría mujeres (86,9%), que respondieron al IHS-IC y a un Cuestionario sociodemográfico. De estos, 74 también respondieron al Inventario de Empatía. La estructura factorial del IHS-CI resultó adecuada (RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = 0.92 y x2 / gl = 2.35) y se correlacionó positivamente con empatía. El IHS-CI es un instrumento relevante y su interpretación puede servir para evaluar intervenciones en cuidadores, así como para orientar qué clases de habilidades sociales deben mejorarse.

Assertiveness of psychiatric day care users in Japan / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objective: This study aimed to clarify the assertiveness of psychiatric day care users with schizophrenia.Patients and Methods: We examined 1,179 psychiatric day care center users and 916 psychiatric hospital outpatients with schizophrenia between September 2008 and February 2009 using a questionnaire survey based on the Japanese version of the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and the Functioning Scale. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by post by the director of each participating facility.Results: Of the 1,179 users (Users) and 916 outpatients (Patients) targeted, 366 (31.0%) and 78 (8.5%) were enrolled in this study. The mean assertiveness score of Users (–7.1 ± 20.2) was significantly higher than that of Patients (–17.3 ± 20.9; P<0.01). Assertiveness scores were higher in Users who performed housework compared with those who did not. High functioning was a background factor that improved assertiveness scores in Users. Additionally, Users could maintain a suitable assertiveness score with support from a psychiatric day care center.Conclusion: This study revealed that Users had a greater ability to self-assert than Patients; this was largely the result of being able to live in society.

Conductas alimentarias de riesgo, percepción de prácticas parentales y conducta asertiva en estudiantes de preparatoria / Risk eating behaviors, perception of parental practices and assertive behaviors in high school students / Risk eating behaviors, perception of parental practices and assertive behaviors in high school students

RESUMEN Introducción. Se considera que la adolescencia tardía es una etapa de vulnerabilidad para la salud psicológica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la asociación entre conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), prácticas parentales y conducta asertiva en estudiantes de preparatoria de acuerdo con el sexo. Método. Con un diseño no-experimental de tipo transversal, participaron 200 estudiantes mexicanos (104 hombres y 96 mujeres) de una preparatoria pública, con edad promedio de 16.52 (DE = 1.05 años), quienes después de un consentimiento informado contestaron el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias-26 (EAT, por sus siglas en inglés), la Escala de Prácticas Parentales para Adolescentes (PP-A) la cual posee nueve subescalas, cuatro hacia el padre (PPp) y cinco hacia la madre (PPm) y la Escala de Conducta Asertiva (CABS, por sus siglas en inglés), todos validados para población mexicana. Resultados. Se encontraron asociaciones diferenciales de acuerdo con el sexo: en las mujeres el EAT-26-Total se asoció con: CABS-Total, Comunicación paterna, Imposición y Control Psicológico materno (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectivamente); mientras que, en los hombres sólo se asoció con Imposición paterna (rs = -.30). El CABS-Total se asoció con todas las subescalas de las PPm en las mujeres (rango rs = .22 a .36) y en los hombres solo con Comunicación, Control Psicológico y Conductual (rs = .30 .35, -.23) Conclusión. En los estudiantes mexicanos de preparatoria -en las mujeres en mayor grado- a mayor CAR mayor estilo agresivo (no asertividad), mayor control psicológico materno y menor control conductual materno.

ABSTRACT Background. Late adolescence is considered a risk stage for psychological health. The objective of this research was evaluating the association among risk eating behaviors (REB), parental practices and assertive behavior in high school students according to sex. Method. With a non-experimental design and transversal study participated 200 students (104 men and 96 women) from a public high school with age mean of 16.52 (SD = 1.05 years), who after signing informed consent fulfilled the Eating Attitudes Test- 26 (EAT), the Scale of Parental Practices for Adolescents (PP-A) which has nine subscales, four towards the father (PPf) and five towards the mother (PPm) and the Assertive Behavior Scale (CABS), all of them validated for Mexican population. Results . Differential associations were found according to sex: in women, EAT-26-Total was associated with CABS-Total, parental Communication, maternal Imposition and maternal Psychological Control (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectively); but in men, was only associated with parental Imposition (rs = -.30). The CABS-Total was associated with all PPm subscales in women (range rs = .22 to .36) and in men only with Communication, Psychological and Behavioral Control (rs = .30 .35, -.23). Conclusion . The high school students-women to a greater degree- higher REB greater aggressive style (no assertiveness), greater maternal psychological control and less maternal behavioral control.

ABSTRACT Background : Late adolescence is considered a risk stage for psychological health. The objective of this research was evaluating the association among risk eating behaviors (REB), parental practices and assertive behavior in high school students according to sex. Method : With a non-experimental design and transversal study participated 200 students (104 men and 96 women) from a public high school with age mean of 16.52 (SD = 1.05 years), who after signing in- formed consent fulfilled the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT), the Scale of Parental Practices for Adolescents (PP-A) which has nine subscales, four towards the father (PPf) and five towards the mother (PPm) and the Assertive Behavior Scale (CABS), all of them validated for Mexican population. Results : Differential associations were found according to sex: in women, EAT-26-Total was associated with CABS-Total, parental Communication, maternal Imposition and maternal Psychological Control (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectively); but in men, was only associated with parental Imposition (rs = -.30). The CABS-Total was associated with all PPm subscales in women (range rs = .22 to .36) and in men only with Communication, Psychological and Behavioral Control (rs = .30 .35, -.23). Conclusion : The high school students -women to a greater degree- higher REB greater aggressive style (no assertiveness), greater maternal psychological control and less maternal behavioral control.

RESUMEN Introducción : Se considera que la adolescencia tardía es una etapa de vulnerabilidad para la salud psicológica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la asociación entre conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), prácticas parentalesPublication published by the Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica - IPOPS Work under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0)conducta asertiva en estudiantes de preparatoria de acuerdo con el sexo. Método : Con un diseño no-experimental de tipo transversal, participaron 200 estudiantes mexicanos (104 hombres y 96 mujeres) de una preparatoria pública, con edad promedio de 16.52 (DE = 1.05 años), quienes después de un consentimiento informado contestaron el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias-26 (EAT, por sus siglas en inglés), la Escala de Prácticas Parentales para Adolescentes (PP-A) la cual posee nueve subescalas, cuatro hacia el padre (PPp) y cinco hacia la madre (PPm) y la Escala de Conducta Asertiva (CABS, por sus siglas en inglés), todos validados para población mexicana. Resultados : Se encontraron asociaciones diferenciales de acuerdo con el sexo: en las mujeres el EAT- 26-Total se asoció con: CABS-Total, Comunicación paterna, Imposición y Control Psicológico materno (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectivamente); mientras que, en los hombres sólo se asoció con Imposición paterna (rs = -.30). El CABS-Total se asoció con todas las subescalas de las PPm en las mujeres (rango rs = .22 a .36) y en los hombres solo con Comunicación, Control Psicológico y Conductual (rs = .30 .35, -.23). Conclusión : En los estudiantes mexicanos de preparatoria -en las mujeres en mayor grado- a mayor CAR mayor estilo agresivo (no asertividad), mayor control psicológico materno y menor control conductual materno.

Psychosocial predictors of social anxiety in children / Predictores psicosociales de la ansiedad social en niños

Abstract Social Anxiety (SA) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in childhood that negatively impacts well-being and fosters cumulative disadvantages throughout life. The aim of this study was to predict SA for the first time in Mexico using these explanatory factors: assertiveness, specific phobia, separation anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, self-concept, depression, and coping skills. 649 children aged 6-13 years old (M=8.87, SD=1.889) were randomly selected from public elementary schools in Mexico City. The main results obtained with multiple regression analyses showed that specific phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, indirect assertiveness, and separation anxiety disorder significantly predicted SA in both genders. Concerning boys, assertiveness was also a relevant explanatory variable. Regarding girls, actual self-concept was also a significant predictor. The regression model explained 56.3% of the variance for boys, and 43.5% of the variance for girls. The findings of our study -comorbidity of SA with anxiety disorders underline the importance of early intervention strategies to prevent the development of other disorders. Also, since assertiveness was a significant predictor, assertiveness training should be promoted in schools, with parents, and included in intervention programs in order for them to be efficient and sustainable, and to prevent and diminish social anxiety.

Resumen La ansiedad social (AS) constituye uno de los desórdenes psiquiátricos más prevalentes en la infancia que afecta negativamente el bienestar y acumula desventajas a lo largo de la vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue predecir AS por primera vez en México usando los siguientes predictores: asertividad, fobia específica, trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, trastorno de ansiedad por separación, autoconcepto, afrontamiento y depresión. Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente a 649 menores de entre 6-13 años de edad (M=8.87, DT=1.889) de escuelas primarias públicas de la Ciudad de México. Los principales resultados obtenidos mediante un análisis de regresión múltiple mostraron que la fobia específica, el trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, la asertividad indirecta y el trastorno de ansiedad por separación significativamente predicen AS en ambos sexos. Referente a los niños, la asertividad también fue un predictor relevante, mientras que en las niñas lo fue el concepto actual. El modelo de regresión explicó el 56.3% de la varianza para niños y 43.5% de la varianza para niñas. Los hallazgos de este estudio -comorbilidad de AS con trastornos de ansiedad subrayan la importancia de estrategias tempranas de intervención para prevenir el desarrollo de otros trastornos. Además, dado que la asertividad fue un predictor significativo, el entrenamiento asertivo debe ser promovido en las escuelas, con los padres e incluido en los programas de intervención para que estos sean eficientes y sostenibles, y para prevenir y disminuir la ansiedad social.

El efecto del entrenamiento grupal en asertividad sexual sobre la asertividad sexual de las alumnas: Un estudio cuasi-experimental / The Effect of Group sexual assertiveness training on Sexual assertiveness of Female Students: A quasi-experimental study

Sexual relation is a very important part of the marital relationship. Any problem in the marital relationship affects the family and society cohesion. This study aim to determine the effect of Group sexual assertiveness training on Sexual assertiveness of Female Students. This quasi-experimental pre and posttest study was conducted on 80 married female students of Sistan and Baluchestan University (southeast of Iran), from 1 July 2018 to 30 March 2019.Students were selected and randomly allocated in the two intervention and control groups. The intervention group received group sexual assertiveness training in the 4 two-hourly sessions over a period of two weeks. The control group did not receive any training. The data were collected before and 12 weeks after the intervention by Hurlbert's sexual assertiveness questionnaire, and then were analyzed. After the implementation of group sexual assertiveness training, the mean score of sexual assertiveness significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the control group (p=0.01). It is recommended to add sexual assertive training to the pre-marriage education, especially in cultures in which women have a low level of sexual assertiveness

Influence of early skin-to-skin contact after cesarean section on maternal psychological status and exclusive breastfeeding rate: a prospective randomized controlled study / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of early skin-to-skin contact (SSC) after cesarean section on maternal psychological status and the rate of exclusive breastfeeding.Methods This was a prospective randomized controlled study enrolling 221 singleton pregnant women who underwent elected caesarean section at term in Shenzhen Nanshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital from August 1 to December 31,2017.They were randomly divided into SSC group and control group.In the SSC group,naked infants were placed on the mothers' chests within 1 h after delivery for 1-2 h,while those in the control group received standard care.Clinical outcomes were compared between two groups,including the rate of exclusive breastfeeding and score of Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 72 h and 42 d after delivery,scores of Breastfeeding Assessment Tool (BAT) for the first breastfeeding,time to lactogenesis and successful rate of first breastfeeding.Two-independent sample t test,Chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis were used as statistical methods.Results Eventually,210 puerperae were analyzed with 105 in each group.Twenty in the SSC group and 17 in the control group were lost to follow-up 42 d after delivery.The successful rate of first breastfeeding [77.1％ (81/105) vs 59.1％ (62/105),x2=7.913,P=0.005],BAT scores (9.5± 1.7 vs 8.6± 1.4,t=4.115,P＜0.001),the rate of lactation initiation ≤ 24 h after birth [41.0％ (43/105) vs 12.4％ (13/105),x2=23.205,P＜0.001],and exclusive breastfeeding rates [36.2％ (38/105) vs 22.9％ (24/105),x2=4.486,P=0.034;76.5％ (65/85) vs 60.2％ (63/88),x2=5.261,P =0.022] and BESE scores (117.5± 12.0 vs 111.8±22.3,t=2.100,P=0.037;124.3± 11.6 vs 113.1 ± 19.0,t=4.710,P＜0.001) at 72 h and 42 d after delivery were all higher in the SSC group than those in the control group.However,no statistically significant difference in EPDS scores was observed between the two groups at either 72 h or 42 d after delivery (5.4±3.5 vs 5.9±4.0,t=0.937,P=0.350;7.0±3.7 vs 8.1 ±4.0,t=0.905,P=0.058).Binary logistic regression analysis showed early SSC was a protective factor for successful exclusive breastfeeding 42 d after delivery (OR=2.359,95％CI:1.173-4.743,P=0.016).Conclusions Early SSC after caesarean should be recommended as a usual clinical practice because it can improve maternal confidence on breastfeeding,shorten the time to lactogenesis and increase the successful rate of first breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding rate during puerperium.

Competências emocionais como dispositivo para integralização do cuidado em saúde: contribuições para o trabalho interprofissional / Emotional competences as device for the integralization of health care: contributions to the interprofessional work / Competencias emocionales como dispositivo para integralización del cuidado en salud: contribuciones al trabajo interprofesional

A interprofissionalidade promove o aperfeiçoamento da assistência integral à saúde. Porém, o trabalho em equipe, por vezes, é permeado por conflitos, os quais podem ser gerenciados através das competências emocionais. Esse estudo objetiva relatar uma experiência de desenvolvimento de competências emocionais para fortalecimento do processo de trabalho interprofissional, com vistas à integralidade do cuidado. O Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho em Saúde desenvolveu essa experiência em 2015, num serviço de média complexidade. Inicialmente, foi utilizado um jogo, visando explorar fragilidades do serviço, o qual possibilitou identificar o sentimento de inibição de muitos profissionais diante de situações do cotidiano laboral. Posteriormente, objetivando contornar tais inibições, atividades lúdicas foram realizadas por meio de vídeos, jogos e rodas de conversas, que promoveram diálogos interprofissionais, com foco nas competências empatia e assertividade, que resultaram em uma postura mais ativa e questionadora dos profissionais frente às necessidades do processo de trabalho da equipe (AU).

The interprofessionality promotes the improvement of the full assistance of the health care. However, sometimes teamwork is surrounded by conflicts that can be managed through emotional competencies. This study aims to report an experience of promoting emotional competencies for the strengthen of the interprofessional work's process, aiming to achieve the integrality of care. The Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho em Saúde developed this experience in 2015, in a medium complexity service. Initially, a game was used to explore the weaknesses of the service, which allowed to identify the feeling of inhibition of many professionals in a daily work situation. Subsequently, to overcome these inhibitions, playful activities were done through videos, games, and conversations, that promoted interprofessional dialogues, focused on the empathy and assertiveness competences, that resulted in a more active and questioning posture of the professionals face to the team work's process needs (AU).

La interprofesionalidad promueve la mejora de la asistencia integral de la salud. Sin embargo, el trabajo en equipo, a veces, está rodeado por conflictos, que pueden ser administrados a través de las competencias emocionales. Este estudio tiene como objetivo informar una experiencia de desarrollo de las competencias emocionales para la consolidación del proceso de trabajo interprofesional, con el fin de alcanzar la integralidad del cuidado. El Programa de Educación por el Trabajo en Salud desarrolló esa experiencia en 2015, en un servicio de mediana complejidad. En el principio, se utilizó un juego para explorar las debilidades en el servicio, el cual posibilitó identificar el sentimiento de inhibición de muchos profesionales frente a situaciones del cotidiano laboral. En seguida, para superar estas inhibiciones, se realizaron actividades lúdicas a través de videos, juegos y ruedas de conversación, que promovieron diálogos interprofesionales, cetrados en las competencias empatía y asertividad, que resultaron en una postura más activa y cuestionadora de los profesionales frente a las necesidades del proceso de trabajo del equipo (AU).

Effects of Self-Assertive Training Applying Reality Therapy Techniques on Self-esteem and Internalized Stigma in Schizophrenia Patients / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of self-assertive training applying the reality therapy techniques (SATART) on self-esteem and internalized stigma of schizophrenia patients. METHODS: This study was a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design and enrolled 55 people with schizophrenia (experimental group=27, control group=28) from two community mental health centers. The SATART was offered twice a week for 6 weeks in a total 12 sessions. Data were collected from February to April, 2017, using the Korean version of the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The collected data was analyzed using χ2 test, independent t-test, one-way ANCOVA, and repeated measures ANOVA with using the SPSS/WIN 22.0 program. RESULTS: The experimental group showed significant improvements in self-esteem and recudction of internalized stigma compared to the control group. However, there was no significant improvement on stigma resistance measurement among the subscales of internalized stigma between two groups. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the SATART program is effective and could be recommended as a psychosocial intervention for self-esteem enhancement and internalized stigma reduction of people with schizophrenia.

The Relationship Between Social Skills and Psychosocial Adjustment Among Those who Care for Older Adults / A Relação Entre as Habilidades Sociais de Cuidadores de Idosos e seu Ajustamento Psicossocial / La Relación entre las Habilidades Sociales de Cuidadores de Ancianos y su Ajuste Psicosocial

Abstract Many caregivers of older adults report distressing interpersonal difficulties. Training in social skills could be a valid strategy for helping these people. In this study, evidence was examined concerning the relationship between the social skills repertoire of caregivers of older adults and indicators of their psychosocial adjustment. Based on a literature review in seven databases, using search terms in Portuguese, English and Spanish, 11 articles on this relationship were found, published by November, 2016. It was observed that: (1) the study of social skills in caregivers of older adults is recent; (2) caregivers who used social skills more often felt less burdened; and (3) social skills can strengthen the interpersonal relationships of caregivers, contributing to better psychosocial adjustment. Thus, it may be useful to develop and evaluate programs to promote the use of social skills in this context, to verify the impacts of improved social skills on caregivers' well-being.

Resumo Muitos cuidadores de idosos relatam dificuldades interpessoais desgastantes e o treinamento em habilidades sociais junto a essas pessoas pode ser uma estratégia válida. Esse estudo objetivou examinar evidências sobre a relação entre o repertório de habilidades sociais de cuidadores de idosos e indicadores de seu ajustamento psicossocial. Por meio de um levantamento bibliográfico em sete bases de dados, usando termos de busca em português, inglês e espanhol, foram encontrados 11 artigos, publicados até novembro de 2016. Observou-se que: (1) o estudo de habilidades sociais em cuidadores de idosos é recente; (2) cuidadores que usavam habilidades sociais mais frequentemente se sentiam menos sobrecarregados; e (3) as habilidades sociais podem fortalecer as relações interpessoais dos cuidadores, contribuindo para um melhor ajustamento psicossocial. Concluiu-se que pode ser útil desenvolver e avaliar programas para promover o uso de habilidades sociais neste contexto, verificando os impactos da melhora nas habilidades sociais de cuidadores no seu bem-estar.

Resumen Muchos cuidadores de ancianos relatan dificultades interpersonales agotadoras, y el entrenamiento en habilidades sociales junto a esas personas les puede resultar en una estrategia válida. El presente estudio propone examinar las evidencias sobre la relación entre el repertorio de habilidades sociales de cuidadores de ancianos y los indicadores de su ajuste psicosocial. Se hizo una recogida bibliográfica en siete bases de datos utilizando los términos de búsqueda en portugués, inglés y español; y se encontró 11 artículos publicados hasta noviembre de 2016. Se observó que: (1) el estudio de las habilidades sociales de los cuidadores de ancianos es reciente; (2) los cuidadores que usaban habilidades sociales con más frecuencia se sentían menos sobrecargados; y (3) las habilidades sociales pueden fortalecer las relaciones interpersonales de los cuidadores y contribuir a un mejor ajuste psicosocial. Se concluyó que pueden ser útiles el desarrollo y la evaluación de programas para promover el uso de habilidades sociales en este contexto verificando los impactos en la mejora de las habilidades sociales de cuidadores en su bienestar.

Revisão sistemática sobre fatores associados à relação entre habilidades sociais e suporte social / Revisión sistemática sobre factores asociados a la relación entre habilidades sociales y apoyo social / Systematic review of factors that influence the relationship between social skills and social support

Um repertório bem desenvolvido de habilidades sociais permite interações sociais de melhor qualidade. Assim, habilidades sociais afetam o acesso a suporte social, mas pouco se sabe sobre fatores que aumentam ou reduzem a eficácia das habilidades sociais na obtenção desse tipo de suporte. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar fatores associados à magnitude da relação entre habilidades sociais e suporte social. Foram consultadas as bases de dados Scielo, Lilacs, Medline, PsycNET e Web of Science, recuperando artigos publicados em Espanhol, Inglês ou Português entre 1997 e 2017. Quinze artigos foram selecionados. A idade, o gênero, e a fonte de apoio foram alguns dos fatores que influenciaram a relação entre habilidades sociais e suporte social. Em pesquisas futuras, será importante testar um modelo da relação entre habilidades sociais e suporte social, incluindo estas variáveis intervenientes.

Un repertorio bien desarrollado de habilidades sociales permite interacciones sociales de mejor calidad. Así, habilidades sociales afectan el acceso al apoyo social, pero poco se sabe sobre factores que aumentan o reducen la eficacia de las habilidades sociales para obtener este tipo de soporte. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar factores asociados a magnitud de la relación entre habilidades sociales y soporte social. Se han consultado las bases de datos Scielo, Lilacs, Medline, Web of Science y PsycNET para seleccionar artículos publicados en Español, Inglés o Portugués entre 1997 y 2017. Quince artículos han sido seleccionados. La edad, el género, y la fuente de apoyo fueron algunos de los factores que influenciaron la relación entre habilidades sociales y soporte social. En investigaciones futuras, será importante probar un modelo de la relación entre habilidades sociales y soporte social, incluidas las variables intervinientes.

A well-developed repertoire of social skills permits higher quality social interactions. As such, social skills affect access to social support, but little is known about factors that increase or diminish the effectiveness of social skills in gaining this support. The objective of this study was to identify factors that influence the strength of the relationship between social skills and social support. The Scielo, Lilacs, Medline, PsycNET, and Web of Science databases were consulted, recovering articles published in Spanish, English or Portuguese, between 1997 and 2017. Fifteen articles were selected. Age, gender, and source of support were some of the factors that influenced the relationship between social skills and social support. In future studies, it will be important to test a model of the relationship between social skills and social support, that includes these intervening variables.

Development and validity evidence of the multidimensional scale of sexual selfconcept in a Spanish-speaking context

Abstract Background/objective: STIs and HIV/AIDS are an important public health problem, transmitted by risky sex behaviours. In this context, it is necessary to identify protective factors, of those behaviours, as sexual self-concept. Sexual self-concept is a multidimensional trait (i.e. sexual self-esteem; sexual self-efficacy; and sexual assertiveness), but, in an extensive review, we did not find any measure to assess this multidimensional construct in a Spanish-speaking context. The objective of this research is development a scale to assess sexual self-concept in young people and adults. Method: Time-space sampling with a total size of 792 participants, coming from the two Chilean cities (i.e. Arica and Iquique) with the highest HIV rates, aged between 17 and 53 years old (ME = 23.42; SD = 6.33), with 66.2% women (N = 500), 33.6% men (N = 258). Results: Final scale has 16 items and 4 dimensions: sexual self-esteem, sexual self-efficacy, assertive sexual communication, and assertive sexual behaviour. The identified structure provides satisfactory levels of reliability (ω > .8) and presents robust evidence of validity, based on the internal structure of the test, using ESEM (RMSEA = .060; CFI = .99; TLI = .98), evidence of validity based on relationship to other variables (i.e. risky sexual behaviour) and measurement invariance between men and women. Conclusions: The multidimensional scale of sexual self-concept has adequate psychometric properties to assess sexual selfconcept in equivalent samples.